The Effects Of Alcohol Increases Risk On Teenagers

Introduction This project is going to examine whether alcohol increases risk taking behaviours in teenagers, using relevant evidence to support the points made, this will include journal articles, books, peer views, dissertations from the results of my structured search. This writing also looks at government policies and legislation which are in place to ensure health and safety of the public. The project will also include good practice identified in the journal articles or if the practice contributes to the health and well-being of others. Safe working practices will be explored and what happens in practice will be explained in relation to the question. Furthermore national policies and assessment methods that are used with the client group will be described. The legal and ethical issues that result from balancing rights with responsibilities will be explored this will include reference to professional codes and relevant legislation. Background According to the NHS, a study was taken on UK teens that binge drink, this was led by Professor Martin Plant of the Alcohol and Health Research Unit at the University of Bristol, place of where the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. In this survey it was found that girls (aged 13-18 years) binge drink more than that of boys. More than half of the teenagers in this study admitted to being so intoxicated, it was hard for them to stand up or talk clearly before throwing up. The law in the UK states that it isShow MoreRelatedIs Underage Drinking Not Only Effect Their Live?1650 Words   |  7 Pages Actually underage drinking not only effect their live, but also affect teenager’s health. Research has shown that about 40% of teens drinking of 14-19 degree is achieved the level of short-term risk of harm. So what harm does alcohol do to your body? First of all, alcohol can poison the liver, cause the liver function damage. Excessive drinking consumption inc reased the burden on the liver. Mainly depends on the oxidative decomposition, damaged liver cell degeneration. Eventually lead to cirrhosisRead MoreAlcohol As A Alcoholic Beverage1362 Words   |  6 Pagesdrug ethanol which is informally called alcohol. [Wikipedia] Most countries implement laws regulating alcoholic drinks production, sale and consumption because of their potential for abuse which may cause physical dependence and increase their risk of alcohol-related harm. [1] [Minimum Age Limits Worldwide. International Center for Alcohol Policies. Retrieved 2009-09-20.] In Australian society, alcohol has many roles. Many Australians take alcohol mostly for relaxation, enjoyment and forRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On Teens1519 Words   |  7 Pagesin teens. Binge drinking interested me because so many teenagers drink alcohol when they go out and don’t know what consequences it has on the body. Binge drinking is the consumption of an unreasonable amount of alcohol in a short period of time. I have chosen to research ‘What are the psychological and physiological effects of binge drinking in teens?’. I chose this question because I wanted to inform myself and other teens on the effects of binge drinking. The research methods used throughoutRead MoreFactors That Influence Teenagers On Alcohol And Effects1570 Words   |  7 PagesFactors that influence Teenagers in alcohol and Effects Introduction The teenage years are the time of searching ourselves, engaging in different activities, doing something to fit to our peers and trying to form what we want to be. They are usually under the pressure on the school activities and performance. Sometimes, pressure from their parents who has big expectations from them is the reason why they engaged alcohol. In the present, numerous teenagers are already engaging alcohol consumption. DespiteRead MoreUnderage Alcohol At A Young Age : The Peak Of Growth And Self Discovery1165 Words   |  5 Pagesexperimentation with drugs or alcohol out of curiosity and when looking for a new way to have fun. Just think, teenagers are too old for games and too young for adult activities and responsibilities. Slurring words or acting in an altered way can provide entertainment for many teens. According to the Teen Rehab Center, 68% of high school seniors have tried alcohol at some point (â€Å"Drug†). Drinking alcohol at a young age can be detriment al. For example, those who start drinking alcohol before the age of 15Read MoreAlcohol As A Alcoholic Beverage1362 Words   |  6 Pagesdrug ethanol which is informally called alcohol. [Wikipedia] Most countries implement laws regulating alcoholic drinks production, sale and consumption because of their potential for abuse which may cause physical dependence and increase their risk of alcohol-related harm. [1] [Minimum Age Limits Worldwide. International Center for Alcohol Policies. Retrieved  2009-09-20.] In Australian society, alcohol has many roles. Many Australians take alcohol mostly for relaxation, enjoyment and forRead More18 vs. 21: Drinking Age1389 Words   |  6 Pages16 and 35 to be a president? Alcohol plays a major role in today society, which becomes a controversial issue among teens. Alcohol is a mind-altering chemical that is potentially more dangerous than any other drug and can be very destructive. For past few years, many people are trying to lower the drinking age without knowing the negative effects of alcohol and how lowering drinking age would harm our communities. Underage drinking is a serious problem for teenagers in the United States. In 1984Read MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States920 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a debatable topic that people argue about all the time. Alcohol has been a drug problem for the majority of our young adults all around the world. The goal is to decrease the effects of underage drinking In the United States by keepin g the legal drinking law 21. Every state had the right to their own legal drinking age, therefore during the 1970 1980’s some states had 21 while others had 18. This problem was carried over when teenagers got behind the wheel while intoxicated. Several studies haveRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should Remain at the Age of 21 Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pagesprohibitionism. For example, since 1975 over seventeen thousand lives have been saved since the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) was changed to age twenty-one (Balkin 167). This shows that even over a short amount of time, a higher MLDA helps decrease the risk of teen suicides, accidents and overdose deaths. However, this widely debated topic has inevitably brought attention to the plethora of supporting and opposing viewpoints. The minimum legal drinking age of twenty-one has shown significant resultsRead MoreWhy do teenagers indulge in alcoholism and smoking?873 Words   |  4 Pages 1 October 2013 Why do teenagers indulge in alcoholism and smoking? In today’s society many teenagers are introduced to new ideas every day. Teenage years often include adjusting to new people, and experimenting and trying out many unfamiliar ideas. As a teenager some maybe naà ¯ve and not fully think of consequences, and or long term effects of indulging in these type of activities. The cause for teenagers indulging in alcoholism and smoking can be many reasons. For some teens, peer pressure

Sharon M. Draper - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 314 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Character Essay Did you like this example? Mrs. Freeman Honors English 10 23 September 2010 Book Report: November Blues My book is November Blues written by Sharon M. Draper. It was published in 2007, also by Sharon M. Draper. I obtained this book from the high school library. In the book November Blues the main characters are all kids and they’re names are November Nelson, Josh Prescott, Dana, Olivia, and Jericho Prescott. November Nelson loses her boyfriend to a pledge stunt gone wrong, and he leaves a little peace of him behind, two months after Josh’s death November finds out that she is pregnant with Josh’s baby. Josh Prescott is November’s boyfriend who dies in the pledge stunt gone wrong, and the father of her baby. Dana she a very popular girl everybody likes her; she is one of Novembers best friends and is the first to find out that November is pregnant. Olivia is a quiet girl, over weight, gets picked on a lot until she met November in the bathroom, when November first found out she was pregnant. Jericho Prescott is Josh’s Prescott’s best friend and cousin. He was also in the pledge with Josh when Josh was doing the stunt and it went wrong, after his cousin died he stopped playing the trumpet and started playing football to get out the anger and pain. The setting of the book is in Cincinnati around the Spring time, at November’s house. November is just now figuring out that she is pregnant after taking a test and is unsure what to do next. Considering the fact that her boyfriend is dead she didn’t know how she was going to tell his parents or even tell her own mom. This setting is important to the story because in introduces the reader to the main complication in the book. Also, gives a glimpse into the theme of the story. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sharon M. Draper" essay for you Create order

Analysis of Marketing Strategy of Coca Cola and Pepsico

ANALYSIS OF MARKETING STRATEGY OF COCA COLA AND PEPSICO PROJECT REPORT ON â€Å"ANALYSIS OF MARKETING STRATEGY OF COCA COLA AND PEPSICO† UNDER GUIDANCE OF: MR. ASHISH SAIHJPAL (FACULTY, MARKETING) SUBMITTED BY: AKHILESH MITTAL ARVIND JAIN BIPIN SINGH KARAMJEET SINGH PAWAN KUMAR (MBA II SEMESTER, 2008-2010) UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SCHOOL, LUDHIANA 1 ANALYSIS OF MARKETING STRATEGY OF COCA COLA AND PEPSICO CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO BEVERAGE INDUSTRY 1.1 BEVERAGE Any type of liquid specifically prepared for human consumption. Beverages in addition to basic need form part of the culture of human society. Different types of beverages are as follow 1.1.1 WATER Despite the fact that most beverages, including juice, soft drinks,†¦show more content†¦Originated from both China and Middle East 1.1.5 OTHERS Some substances may either be called food or drink, and accordingly be eaten with a spoon or drunk, depending on solid ingredients in it and on how thick it is, and on preference: Soups: Soup is a food that is made by combining ingredients such as meat and vegetables in stock or hot/boiling water, until the flavor is extracted, forming a broth. Yogurt: yoghurt is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. Fermentation of the milk sugar produces lactic acid, which acts on milk protein to give yoghurt its texture and its characteristic tang. Soy yoghurt, a dairy yoghurt alternative, is made from soymilk. Buttermilk: It is a fermented dairy product produced from cows milk with a characteristically sour taste. The product is made in one of two ways. Originally, buttermilk was the liquid left over from churning butter from cream. In India, buttermilk, widely known as chaas is known to be the liquid leftover after extracting butter from churned curd. UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SCHOOL, LUDHIANA 4 ANALYSIS OF MARKETING STRATEGY OF COCA COLA AND PEPSICO CHAPTER 2 INDUSTRIAL LEADERS (COCA COLA PEPSI) At the core of the beverage industry is the carbonated soft-drink category. Soft drink holds 51% (majority of market share) of the total beverage market. Soft drink can be further divided into carbonated drinks (Coca-cola,Show MoreRelatedCoke vs Pepsi1668 Words   |  7 PagesSummary Performing a financial analysis is very useful for any businesses to enhance the knowledge of performances, strengths and stability of their financial. This paper intends to compare and contrast the qualitative and financial statements of the past three years of the Multinational companies of soft drinks, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Currently, both companies are business competitors and they highly regard their customer’s base loyalty. To familiarize ourselves with these two successfulRead MoreHrm of Diagnostic Model Selection,1746 Words   |  7 Pages Course project part 3 Organization Change Coca cola and PepsiCo HRM 587 Managing Organizational Change Professor Michael Komos June 4, 2015 Prepare By Pragnesh Patel Email: pragnesh265798@gmail.com 630 827 2281 (Cell) Contents Diagnostic Model Selection 3 The McKinsey 7S Framework 3 Data Analysis 5 SWOT Analysis 7 Coca Cola 7 Strengths 7 Weaknesses 7 Opportunities 7 Threats 7 PepsiCo 8 Strengths 8 Weaknesses 8 Opportunities 8 Threats 8 Added Threats and Resistance to Change 9Read MorePepsi Of Pepsico Inc.906 Words   |  4 PagesPepsiCo Inc. was founded in 1965 with the merger of two companies: Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Since then, it has become one of the world’s largest and most successful food, snack, and beverage corporations. PepsiCo Inc. has reports of sales of over $510 million and employs over 19,000 workers (Who We Are). Its products are provided and sold throughout the world. Many of their top products since the merger for the Pepsi-Cola Company are Pepsi-Cola (made in 1898), Diet Pepsi (1964) and MountainRead MoreCoca-Colas Business Strategies1548 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction: The Coca-Cola Company The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds leading manufacturer and distributor of a wide range of beverage products. It is an American based multinational corporation that manufactures, distributes, and promotes soft drinks, fruit juices, energy and sports drinks, yogurt drinks, mineral water, coffee, tea, and soy-based beverages. Founded in 1886, the Coca-Cola Company currently offers almost 3,500 products under 500 brand labels. The most famous products of theRead More Financial Analysis: PepsiCo Beats Coca-Cola Essay examples1704 Words   |  7 Pagescertainly does through analyzing financial statements with vertical, horizontal, and ratio analysis investors are able to clearly decide who the better choice for their investment is. By careful scruitiny and attention to detail any investor can safely put their money in a buiseness as an investment so long as they are adhering to rules and regulations of the GAAP. Using the tools for financial analysis and the information given I will determine the winner of that battle for 2005 at least fromRead MoreRecommending a Marketing Mix for a Product or Service1604 Words   |  7 PagesTopic: Recommending a Marketing Mix for a Product or Service Executive Summary This report mainly talked about a product-Pepsi. In this report, the purpose was compared and contrasted which 4Ps is better to the Pepsi and wanted more people to buy it. The thesis was compare and contrasts the Pepsi with the competitor - Coca Cola. So the report needed find some information and interview some people. The key finding was that SWOT and 4Ps is very important to the product. And the key conclusion andRead MoreCoca Col A Global Leader1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthe history of Coca-Cola Company, its SWOT analysis, and my proposal of a new product - â€Å"Maple Cola†, which is a healthy alternative of Coca-Cola soft beverage. The main strategic role of â€Å"Maple Cola† for the Coca- Cola Company is to maintain the company’s role as the market leader in innovative product introductions, to attract the consumers who are health conscious, which will result in increased market share for the company. The analysis allows us to outline the best strategies to follow for achievementsRead MoreEnviromental Scanning1269 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental scanning MGT/498 October 29, 2012 John Fritch Environmental scanning Coco-Cola and Pepsi are two major competitors in the beverage industry but each company is working on being different even though each company has similar products. Both companies are very popular and each company needs to develop and maintain a competitive edge that will help one or the other stay above the other. To gain a competitive edge, measurement guidelines need to be implemented to make sure thatRead MoreComparative Human Resource Analysis : Coca Cola And Pepsico1465 Words   |  6 PagesResource Analysis: Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Abhiram Satyadev Goldey Beacom College Course Name 02/16/2017 Table of Contents 1. Competition for Employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 2. Compensation of Employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 3. Legislation Concerning Employees.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 4. Human Relations Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 5. Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 6. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Comparative Human Resource Analysis: Coca-ColaRead MoreBrand Identity, Largest Market Share And Customer Loyalty979 Words   |  4 Pagesdollar food and beverage brands, and water management. Coca-Cola has been criticized for using too much water in countries where water is scarce and water shortages are widespread. Opportunities: As mentioned above absence in health beverages is a major weakness for the company, however creating diversification in the health and food business will improve the offerings of Coca-Cola to their customers. That is why introduction of â€Å"Maple Cola† is great opportunity to achieve this strategic goal such

Ubiquity of Bacteria free essay sample

Microorganisms are microscopic organisms that are so small that that they can only be visualized by the aid of a compound-brightfield microscope. While we generally cannot see individual microorganisms with the naked eye, they are present in virtually every habitat known to man. Microorganisms can be prokaryotic—the bacteria or eukaryotic—the algae, protozoa or fungi. While viruses are acellular they are also studied in the scope of microbiology because they are small and because they infect cells. While most bacterial are unicellular they can also exist in colonial or multicellular forms. In this laboratory exercise you will examine the ubiquity and diversity of various microbes that are present in the environment or inhabit the human body. Most bacteria that inhabit the body are harmless or even beneficial to humans, some bacteria are opportunistic and only become pathogenic when they are present in the wrong place at the wrong time in the potential host. As microorganisms are so omnipresent, the following exercises are designed to help you learn the importance of proper asceptic technique when handling microorganisms. During the first laboratory exercise you will be examining the examining the presence of bacteria on inanimate surfaces and on or within the human body; furthermore, you will be examining the efficacy of various cleansing agents in reducing the amounts of bacteria associated with these habitats. To this end you will first inoculate a Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) plate with a sample from the environment. TSB is rich in nutrients and can support the growth of a number of bacteria or fungi; therefore you will be able to isolate microorganisms from your hands or other parts of the body or from the oral cavity, from your benchtop or from other inanimate objects. With a wax pen label the bottom of a Petri plate containing TSB-agar with your name, date, lab section, and source of the inoculum. It is important to label the bottom of your plates because the lids can sometimes fall off the top of the plate and make identification of your plate difficult. Select a place to test for the presence of microorganisms. If you are testing the oral cavity or an inanimate surface, use the pre-sterilized cotton applicator swabs provided by your instructor. Remove the swab from the test tube (be careful not to touch the cotton tip) and immediately swab the source of your inoculum. Using the plates provided inoculate the specimen onto the plate. To do this partially open the TSB plate and while continuing to hold the plate by the lid, gently rub the cotton swab along the surface of the agar. Immediately close the plate. If you are testing for the presence of microbes on the hands, vigorously rub your hands together and gently rub one or two fingertips along the surface of the agar. Now you will test the efficacy of various soaps, chemicals and cleaning agents. If the source of your inoculum was from the oral cavity, then brush your teeth. Use a fresh plate and a clean swab to sample the microorganism present after brushing your teeth. Now rinse out your mouth with your favorite mouthwash, use the same process while remembering asceptic technique to again sample the microorganisms present in the oral cavity. If you are sampling from your hands or from the inanimate sources, you can use similar techniques. For example, you can sample the microorganisms present on your hands before washing, after washing with your favorite soap or topical cleansing solution or the antimicrobial soap that is present in the lab, after that you can test the efficacy of the hand solution (70% alcohol) that we use in the lab. Make certain that all three plates are labeled clearly and place the plates upside down in the 37oC incubator (plates are incubated upside down to prevent condensation from dripping down onto the surface of the agar). The plates will be incubated at that temperature for 24-48 hours and then placed in the refrigerator so that you can examine the types and numbers of bacteria or fungi present on the plates at the next lab period. Second Lab Period—analysis of bacterial colony morphology and the morphology of individual bacteria: In most cases, the predominant class of microorganisms that you will find on your plates will be the bacteria. Bacteria have different colony morphologies and characteristics that are specific to the genus and species of the organism. For example Enterobacter erogenes produce large, translucent, off white colonies that appear moist; the edges of these colonies are somewhat undulating and are raised above the surface of the plate, Staphylococcus aureus colonies are small, opaque, yellow, shiny and have regular edges. Enterococcus faecalis colonies are small, opaque, white, shiny with smooth borders. Bacillus subtilis produces colonies that are large, opaque and white; the colonies appear dull, rough and dry and have irregular borders. Figure 1 below shows some typical colony morphologies and characteristics. Examine your plates for the presence of microorganisms paying close attention to the types of colonies present and the numbers of colonies that are present on you plate. Observe the control plate; this is the plate containing an inoculum from a source that has not been cleaned. Describe what you observe in the space below—feel free to draw pictures. (Note: if colonies are not present on your plate, observe the plate of your neighbor). Pick two colony types and describe them fully using Figure 1 as a guide. Also describe these colonies in terms of their consistency, that is whether they are transparent, translucent or opaque. Observe the plate that contains your inoculum after the first cleaning step (if applicable). What do you observe? Observe the plate that contains you inoculum after the second cleaning step (if applicable). What do you observe? Now that you have observed the morphology and the characteristics of two different colonies in some detail, you will apply what you have learned in the previous laboratory exercise (Use of the Compound Brightfield Microscope) to examine individual bacteria within these colonies. Bacteria have three typical morphologies: the cocci (spherical bacteria), the bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria) and the spiral or curved shaped bacteria, such as the spirillum, the spirochetes and the Vibrio spp. Using the technique that you used in the microscopy exercise you will prepare a wet mount of bacteria from the two colonies that you have just studied. (Note:: If the numbers of bacteria on your plate are too numerous to pick from an individual colony sample bacteria from your neighbor’s plate. ) Place a small drop of sterile media onto a microscope slide. Take a small sample of the bacteria from the colony using your inoculating loop. It is important that you use asceptic technique when sampling the bacteria as you will be looking at a pure bacterial sample. Flame your inoculating loop as shown by the instructor and allow the loop to cool without waving the loop it the air. When you sample the bacteria make certain that you can barely see the inoculum on the loop; there are approximately 30,000 bacteria in such a small sample, if you inoculate with too much, you will not be able to observe individual bacteria. Mix the bacteria on the loop in the media on the microscope slide and using the same method that you used in the previous exercise to observe live bacteria in the hay infusion, place a coverslip over the bacterial suspension. View the bacteria at 450X and at 1000X. Describe the bacteria in terms of shape under each magnification: Colony 1: Colony 2: Are any of the bacteria motile? Can you distinguish between Brownian motion, current flow or purposeful bacterial movement as mediated by flagella? How so? Save your plates for the next week’s exercise where you will use simple and differential stains to view bacteria! Demonstrations of microbial diversity: The class of microorganisms that you isolated from the oral cavity or from your hands most likely did not represent the fungi. However, you may have found that fungi were present on inanimate surfaces. Pathogenic fungi can be found in tissues of humans; such organisms might include Candida albicans which is the causative agent of yeast infections in women or Trichophyton spp. that cause Athlete’s foot fungus. Today, we will observe three different nonpathogenic fungi to address the different forms fungi may assume. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum represent the filamentous fungi, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents the unicellular yeast forms of fungi. The filamentous fungi have long narrow cells that form hyphae or branching filaments. Hyphae form interwoven mats called mycelia that are the structural units of the spore bearing structures in fungi. Spores are small structures that are relatively resistant to adverse conditions of heat, pH etc. Hyphae that are partially divided by crosswalls are septate, while those that do not have crosswalls are nonseptate. Most hyphae have more than one nucleus present and are therefore, multinucleate. The yeast forms of fungi are unicellular and uninucleate. When yeast reproduce asexually they do not form spores like the filamentous fungi, however with the aid of a microscope one can observe the presence of small bumps or buds on the surface of a yeast cell that result from an unequal division of the cytosol after mitosis. A plate culture of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been placed under a dissecting microscope in the back of the lab. Draw a picture of one or both of the filamentous fungi and the yeast in the space provided below, noting the presence of the mycelia and the spore forming structures in the Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum species. Note how macroscopically the Saccharomyces cerevisiae do not have these structures and appear like bacterial colonies. Prepared slides of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been placed under a Compound Brightfield microscope at a total magnification of 450X; these slides are also located in the back of the lab. Locate the spore bearing structures at the ends of the hyphae of the slide containing Aspergillus niger. Draw a picture of the hyphae and the spores and any nuclei that are present in these structures, describe the size and shape of the spores. Observe the slide containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identify the the nucleus that is present within the cell and buds that are on the surface of the cell. Draw a picture of what you observe.